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On a diagram such as the Txy and Pxy diagrams, the line connecting the boiling point curve and the dew point curve in parallel is called a tie line. The relationship between the material balance on this line is called the leverage principle for distillation.

The measure of how easily two components can be separated by distillation is called relative volatility or specific volatility. It is an important indicator in distillation because a vapor-liquid equilibrium curve can be drawn if the relative volatility α is known.

In addition to the energy required for the height to be pumped, energy loss due to friction and the difference in inlet/outlet pressure must be added. The total head is the sum of all these energies expressed as the pump's head.

The equation relating pressure drop and flow velocity in laminar pipe flow is called the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. This article explains the derivation of the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.

The power required to agitate per unit volume (liquid volume) is called P/V value. P/V is often used as an indicator to determine if sufficient power is being applied to the liquid in the mixing vessel.

In a mixed solution of two or more components, the law that the partial pressure is proportional to the product of the vapor pressure of the pure substance and the concentration of that substance is called Raoult's law, and such a solution is called an ideal solution.

The mixing Reynolds number is a dimensionless number that applies the Reynolds number to mixing. Depending on the value of the mixing Reynolds number, it is possible to determine whether the flow is laminar, transitional, or turbulent.

When a fluid loses energy due to friction with a wall or between fluids, it is called pressure loss. In this article, we will introduce a calculation method for pressure loss in a piping flow path, which is frequently calculated in practice.

A graph that shows the relationship between liquid phase composition x, gas phase composition y, and pressure P for two components at a constant temperature is called a Pxy diagram.

Fanning's equation is used to calculate the pressure drop in a straight pipe when calculating the pump head. If the pump head is determined only by the actual head without considering the pressure drop in Fanning's equation, the pump will not be able to transfer the fluid to the desired location because of the loss of energy due to friction between the fluid and the piping.